Dynasty Tactics 2 Liu Bei

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• Dynasty Tactics 2. 1,730 likes 1 talking about this. The official fan page of dynasty tactics 2 by Koei. Play as either Liu Bei, Cao Cao, Sun Ce, or Lu Bu and try to unite China during the three. He later joins Liu Bei, but is killed in a fight with Zhang Fei. Cao Cao The Wei ruler. Skilled in art and warfare, he wrote many books on strategy and tactics.

  Contents.Physical appearance The historical text described Liu Bei as a man seven and five tall (approximately 1.81.5 metres), with long arms that extended beyond his knees, and ears so large that he could see them.The 14th-century historical novel gives a similar description about Liu Bei\'s physical appearance, but with additional features. It mentions that Liu Bei is seven chi and five cun tall, with ears so large that they touch his shoulders and that he can even see them, long arms that extend beyond his knees, a fair and handsome face, and lips so red that it seems as though he is wearing. Family background. Further information:According to the 3rd-century historical text, Liu Bei was born in Zhuo County, which is in present-day,. He was a descendant of, a son of, who was the ninth son of and the first King of in Han dynasty. However, \'s 5th-century, based on the Dianlue (典略), said that Liu Bei was a descendant of the Marquis of Linyi (臨邑侯).

  As the title \'Marquis of Linyi\' was held by Liu Fu (劉復; grandson of ) and later by Liu Fu\'s son Liu Taotu (劉騊駼), who were also descendants of Emperor Jing, it was possible that Liu Bei descended from this line rather than Liu Zhen\'s line. Liu Bei\'s grandfather (劉雄) and father Liu Hong (劉弘) both served as clerks in the local commandery office.Early life Liu Bei grew up in a poor family, having lost his father when he was still a child. To support themselves, Liu Bei and his mother sold shoes and straw-woven mats. Even so, Liu Bei was full of ambition from childhood: he once said to his peers, while under a tree that resembled the imperial chariot, that he desired to become an emperor. In 175, his mother sent him to study with, a distinguished man from Zhuo Commandery. One of his fellow-students was, whom Liu Bei admired and treated as an elder brother, and another was his kinsman Liu Deran (劉德然). Liu Deran\'s father, Yuanqi 元起, frequently gave Liu Bei material support and treated him the same as Liu Deran.

  Yuanqi\'s wife said, “Each has his own family. How can you regularly do this?” Yuanqi replied, “This boy is in our clan, and he is an extraordinary person.”. The adolescent Liu Bei was said to be unenthusiastic in studying and displayed interest in hunting, music and dressing.He enjoyed associating with braves (haoxia), and in his youth he fought and hung out with them. Concise in speech, calm in demeanour, and kind to his friends, Liu Bei was well liked by his contemporaries Yellow Turban Rebellion In 184, at the outbreak of the, Liu Bei became much more politically aware and called for the assembly of a militia to help government forces suppress the rebellion.

  

  Liu Bei received financial contributions from two wealthy horse merchants, Zhang Shiping (張世平) and Su Shuang (蘇雙), and rallied a group of loyal followers, including, and.Liu Bei led his militia to join the local government forces led by Colonel and participated in battles against the rebels. In recognition of his contributions, the Han central government appointed Liu Bei as the Prefect (令) of Anxi County (安喜縣; northwest of present-day, ), one of the counties in (中山郡). Later, the Han central government decreed that any official who had gained the post as a reward for military contributions was to be dismissed and Liu Bei resigned the post after attacking the inspector who had attempted to formally dismiss him.

  He then travelled south with his followers to join another militia in fighting the Yellow Turbans remnants in (present-day northern ). As a reward for his contributions, the Han central government appointed him as the Prefect (令) and Commandant (都尉) of Gaotang County (高唐縣; east of present-day, ).Warlord state In Gongsun Zan\'s service (189–194). A mural showing, from the Dahuting Tomb of the late (25-220 CE), located in,By 199, Cao Cao enjoyed a strong political advantage over his rivals because he had and the Han central government firmly under his control. During this time, Liu Bei participated in a conspiracy with and others to assassinate Cao Cao, after Dong Cheng alleged that he had received a secret edict from Emperor Xian to kill Cao Cao.

  However, at the same time, Liu Bei was anxious to leave Xuchang and be free of Cao Cao\'s control. Thus, upon hearing news that was on his way to join after, Liu Bei requested permission from Cao Cao to lead an army to stop Yuan Shu. Cao Cao agreed and sent Liu Bei and to lead an army to block Yuan Shu, who retreated back to his base in Shouchun (present-day, ) and died there later that year. While Zhu Ling returned to Xu, Liu Bei remained in command of the army and led them to attack and seize control of after murdering Che Zhou (車冑), the provincial governor appointed by Cao Cao.

  Liu Bei then moved to Xiaopei (小沛; present-day, ) while leaving in charge of Xu Province\'s capital, Xiapi Commandery (下邳郡; around present-day, Jiangsu).In the meantime, Yuan Shao had defeated and was preparing to attack Cao Cao in the region. Liu Bei then sent his adviser to meet Yuan Shao and request that he launch an immediate attack on Cao Cao, but Yuan Shao refused. In 200, Cao Cao discovered Dong Cheng\'s conspiracy and had all the participants rounded up and executed along with their families.

  Liu Bei survived the purge because he was not in Xuchang.Having achieved stability in Xuchang, Cao Cao turned his attention towards preparing for a battle with Yuan Shao. He fortified many key crossing points along the south banks of the and set up a main camp at Guandu. At the same time, he sent his subordinates Liu Dai (劉岱) and to attack Liu Bei in Xu Province but they were defeated.

  Cao Cao then made a highly risky move: He predicted that Yuan Shao would not make any advances so he secretly left his defensive position along the Yellow River and personally led an army to Xu Province to attack Liu Bei. Under the weight of Cao Cao\'s attacks, Liu Bei\'s forces quickly disintegrated and Xu Province fell to Cao Cao. Protected Liu Bei as he fled from Xiaopei after his defeat; Guan Yu, isolated in Xiapi Commandery, was captured by Cao Cao\'s forces and decided to surrender and temporarily serve under Cao Cao. Liu Bei headed north to join Yuan Shao, who welcomed him. He participated in the alongside Yuan Shao\'s general against Cao Cao\'s forces, but they suffered a defeat and Wen Chou was killed in battle.As, a former Yellow Turban rebel, started a revolt in (汝南郡; around present-day ), Liu Bei convinced Yuan Shao to \'lend\' him troops to assist Liu Pi.

  Liu Bei and Liu Pi then led their forces from Runan Commandery to attack Xuchang while Cao Cao was away at Guandu, but they were defeated and driven back. Liu Bei then returned to Yuan Shao and urged him to ally with, the Governor of (covering present-day and ).

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  Yuan Shao then sent him with some troops to Runan Commandery to assist another rebel leader, Gong Du (共都/龔都). Liu Bei and Gong Du defeated and killed Cai Yang (蔡陽), one of Cao Cao\'s officers who led troops to attack them.Taking refuge under Liu Biao (201–208) In 201, Cao Cao led his army to attack Liu Bei in Runan Commandery after his victory over Yuan Shao at the.

  After his defeat, Liu Bei fled to to take shelter under. Although Liu Biao treated Liu Bei like an honoured guest, he never trusted Liu Bei as he only allowed Liu Bei to station at in northern Jing Province to guard against Cao Cao\'s advances.Liu Bei stayed in Jing Province for about seven years. When he started weeping during a meeting with Liu Biao, the latter asked why, to which Liu Bei answered, \'In earlier times, I\'ve never left the saddle. My thighs were thin. Now I do not ride anymore, they are fat and flabby. The days and months pass like a stream, and old age will come, but I have achieved nothing. That\'s why I am sad.

  In 202, Cao Cao sent and to attack Liu Bei. Liu Bei ambushed and defeated them at the.In 207, Cao Cao planned to conquer the in the north, but was apprehensive that Liu Biao might attack his base but he was assured by that Liu Biao would not do so for fear of Liu Bei being more powerful than he was. Cao Cao agreed and Guo Jia\'s point was proven later, when Liu Biao refused to attack Xu when Liu Bei advised him to do so. The painting Kongming Leaving the Mountains (detail, Ming dynasty), depicting (left, on a horse) leaving his rustic retreat to enter into the service of Liu Bei (right, on a horse)Away from the battlefields in the east and under Liu Biao\'s efficient rule, Jing Province was prosperous and a popular destination for literati fleeing from the destruction of war. Liu Bei asked, a revered recluse, about scholars.

  Sima Hui\'s friend Pan Degong named and as exceptional talents who could comprehend important events of their time well. Also urged Liu Bei to call on Zhuge Liang. Liu Bei went to see Zhuge Liang and finally had an audience with him after three visits. Zhuge Liang presented Liu Bei with his, a general long-term plan outlining the takeover of and to set up a two-pronged final strike at the imperial capital.Liu Biao died in 208 and his younger son succeeded him and surrendered to Cao Cao without informing Liu Bei. By the time Liu Bei heard news of Liu Cong\'s surrender, Cao Cao\'s army had already reached Wan (宛; in present-day ). Liu Bei led his troops away and abandoned, leading civilians and his followers (including some of Liu Biao\'s former followers) on an exodus to the south. By the time they reached Dangyang (當陽; south of present-day, Hubei), his followers numbered more than 100,000 and they moved only 10 a day.

  Liu Bei sent ahead to wait for him in Jiangling County (江陵縣; in present-day, Hubei), where abundant supplies and arsenal were stored, with Jing Province\'s fleet.Afraid that Liu Bei might reach Jiangling County before him, Cao Cao led his cavalry on pursuit. In a day and a night, Cao Cao caught up with Liu and captured most of his people and baggage at the. Leaving his family behind, Liu Bei fled with only scores of followers. With Guan Yu\'s fleet, they crossed the to Jiangxia Commandery and the to, where they took shelter under, Liu Biao\'s elder son. Liu Qi objected to his brother\'s surrender to Cao Cao and was able to maintain Jiangxia Commandery and Xiakou allowing more of his father\'s former subordinates to escape from Cao Cao.Alliance with Sun Quan Battles of Red Cliffs and Jiangling. Main articles: andWhen Liu Bei was still at Dangyang, hinted to him that he should ally with the warlord against Cao Cao., as Liu Bei\'s representative, followed Lu Su to meet Sun Quan at Chaisang County (柴桑縣; southwest of present-day, ), where they discussed the formation of a Sun–Liu alliance against Cao Cao.Liu Bei and Sun Quan formed their first alliance against the southward expansion of Cao Cao.

  Both sides clashed at the, which concluded with a decisive victory for the Sun–Liu side. Cao Cao retreated north after his defeat and left behind and to guard Jiangling County and to defend.Sun Quan\'s forces, led by, attacked Cao Ren after their resounding victory to wrestle for control of Jiangling County. Liu Bei recommended Liu Qi to be the new Inspector of and led his men to capture the four commanderies in southern Jing Province – Changsha (長沙), Lingling (零陵), Guiyang (桂陽) and Wuling (武陵). Liu Bei set up his base at and continued to strengthen his forces. When Liu Qi died in 209 shortly after Liu Bei secured his position in southern Jing Province, Liu Bei succeeded Liu Qi as the new Inspector of Jing Province. To further strengthen the Sun–Liu alliance, Liu Bei travelled to Sun Quan\'s territory to marry Sun Quan\'s younger sister,.

  After the political marriage, Sun Quan not only recognised the legitimacy of Liu Bei\'s control over southern Jing Province, but also agreed to \'lend\' Nan Commandery (南郡; around present-day, ) to him.Subsequently, former subordinates of Liu Biao who were unwilling to serve Cao Cao came to join Liu Bei. After the death of Zhou Yu in 210 and Liu Bei\'s growing influence in southern Jing Province, Sun Quan\'s position in the north became more untenable. Succeeded Zhou Yu as the frontline commander of Sun Quan\'s armies and moved the headquarters to Lukou (陸口), yielding all commanderies of Jing Province (except Jiangxia Commandery) and access to to Liu Bei. Main article:In 211, the Governor of (covering present-day and ), heard that Cao Cao planned to attack the warlord in. As Hanzhong Commandery was a strategic location and the northern \'gateway\' into Yi Province, Liu Zhang sent to form an alliance with Liu Bei after listening to advice from.

  Zhang Song and Fa Zheng privately disapproved of Liu Zhang\'s governance and looked at Liu Bei as a solution for a legitimate successor. Liu Zhang invited Liu Bei to join him in Yi Province to capture Hanzhong Commandery before Cao Cao did.Liu Bei led an expedition force into Yi Province after leaving behind, and to guard. Liu Zhang welcomed Liu Bei and provided him with more troops under his command. Liu Bei headed to Jiameng Pass (southwest of present-day, Sichuan) at the border between Liu Zhang and Zhang Lu\'s territories. Instead of engaging Zhang Lu, Liu Bei halted his advance and focused on building connections and gaining influence around the area.In 212, Fa Zheng, Zhang Song and set into motion their plan to overthrow Liu Zhang and let Liu Bei replace him. On Liu Bei\'s side, outlined three plans for him to choose from.

  The first was to advance swiftly to seize, Yi Province\'s capital, from Liu Zhang with a special task force. The second was to take command of Liu Zhang\'s armies in the north and then move to capture Chengdu. The third one was to return to to await further action.

  

  Liu Bei chose the second option. Liu Bei requested to Liu Zhang that he needed more troops to divert Cao Cao\'s attention away from the east (where Sun Quan was under attack), and requested that another 10,000 soldiers and additional provisions aid in the defence of Jing Province.

  Liu Zhang gave him only 4,000 troops and half of the other supplies he requested.Zhang Su, Zhang Song\'s brother, discovered his brother\'s secret communications with Liu Bei and reported the issue to Liu Zhang. Liu Zhang was furious and stunned when he heard that Zhang Song had been helping Liu Bei to take over Yi Province from him – he executed Zhang Song and ordered his officers guarding the passes to Chengdu to keep secret his knowledge that Liu Bei wanted to attack him. Nevertheless, Liu Bei still found out from the spies he planted around Liu Zhang. Fa Zheng and Meng Da defected to Liu Bei\'s side before Yang Huai (楊懷) and Gao Pei (高沛), Liu Zhang\'s subordinates guarding Boshui Pass, knew about Liu Bei\'s true motive. Liu Bei lured Yang Huai and Gao Pei into a trap and executed them for behaving disrespectfully towards him. He then took command of Yang Huai\'s and Gao Pei\'s troops, numbering under 5,000, and turned to attack Fu County (涪縣; present-day, ).In the spring of 213, Liu Zhang sent Liu Gui, Ling Bao, Deng Xian, and other officers to defend.

  All were soundly killed or captured by Liu Bei\'s forces. Despite being the most trusted vassal of Liu Zhang, Wu Yi soon changed allegiance, so and Fei Guan were sent to replace him, but they surrendered to Liu Bei as well. Now the remnant force was under command of Liu Zhang\'s son, Liu Xun, and he retreated to Luo County (northwest of, Sichuan).

  There, Pang Tong was killed by a stray arrow, and the siege became a prolonged one, forcing Liu Bei to call for reinforcements from Jing Province.In 214, after Luo County fell to Liu Bei, Liu Zhang continued to hold up inside Chengdu., a former warlord and vassal under Zhang Lu, defected to Liu Bei\'s side and joined him in attacking Chengdu. Although Chengdu\'s citizens were terrified by Ma Chao\'s army, they insisted on putting up a desperate fight against the enemy. However, Liu Zhang surrendered to Liu Bei after stating that he did not wish to see further bloodshed. Liu Bei then succeeded Liu Zhang as the Governor of Yi Province and relocated him to in Jing Province.Liu Bei married and went on numerous public tours to consolidate his control on the newly conquered Yi Province. He promoted to an office that granted him control over all affairs of state and appointed as Zhuge Liang\'s deputy.

  The rest of Liu Bei\'s followers, new and old, were entrusted with new responsibilities and promoted to new ranks.Sun–Liu territorial dispute. Main article:After Liu Bei\'s conquest of, sent as an emissary to demand the return of the commanderies in southern, but Liu Bei refused. Sun Quan then sent and to lead 20,000 men to attack southern Jing Province and they succeeded in capturing Changsha, Guiyang and Lingling commanderies. In the meantime, Lu Su and advanced to with 10,000 men to block ) and took over command of the army at Lukou (陸口). Liu Bei personally went to while Guan Yu led 30,000 men to Yiyang County. When war was about to break out, Liu Bei received news that Cao Cao was planning to attack, and he requested for a border treaty with Sun Quan as he became worried about Cao Cao seizing Hanzhong Commandery. Liu Bei asked Sun Quan to give him back Lingling Commandery and create a diversion for Cao Cao by attacking Hefei; in return, Liu Bei ceded Changsha and Guiyang commanderies to Sun Quan, setting the new border along the.Hanzhong Campaign.

  Main article:In 215, Cao Cao defeated at the and seized Hanzhong Commandery. And advised him to take advantage of the victory to attack, since it was still unstable under Liu Bei\'s new government and Liu himself was away in. Cao Cao, who was not fond of the terrain of the region, refused and left, and to defend Hanzhong Commandery.In anticipation of a prolonged war, Zhang He led his army to Dangqu County (宕渠郡; around present-day, ) in order to relocate the population of Ba Commandery (巴郡; present-day ) to Hanzhong Commandery. Meanwhile, Liu Bei appointed as the Administrator of Baxi Commandery (巴西郡) and ordered him to take over the region.

  Zhang Fei and Zhang He faced each other for 50 days, which concluded with a victory for the former following a surprise attack on the latter. Narrowly escaping, Zhang He retreated to on foot, and the Ba region became part of Liu Bei\'s territory. Liu Bei declares himself king, portrait at the of the, BeijingIn 217, pointed out the strategic necessities of seizing Hanzhong Commandery and advised Liu Bei to drive Cao Cao\'s force out of the area. Liu Bei sent Zhang Fei, and others to capture Wudu Commandery (武都郡), while he assembled an army and advanced to Yangping Pass. Zhang Fei was forced to retreat after his aides Wu Lan (吳蘭) and Lei Tong (雷銅) were defeated and killed by Cao Cao\'s forces.

  Liu Bei, engaging Xiahou Yuan at Yangping Pass, tried to cut the enemy\'s supply route by sending his general to Mamingge (馬鳴閣), but was routed by Xiahou Yuan\'s subordinate, Xu Huang. Liu Bei then pressed on Zhang He at Guangshi (廣石) but failed to achieve any success; at the same time, Xiahou Yuan and Zhang He were not able to hinder Liu Bei from mobilising forces around the area. The war turned into a stalemate, and Cao Cao decided to gather an army in to fight Liu Bei.In the spring of 218, Liu Bei and Xiahou Yuan had faced each other for over a year. Liu Bei led the main army to the south of the Mian River (沔水) and ordered to set up camps on, where Xiahou Yuan\'s encampment in the valley below could be easily monitored.

  One night, Liu Bei sent 10,000 troops to attack Zhang He in Guangshi and set fire to Xiahou Yuan\'s barricades. Xiahou Yuan then led a small detachment to put out the fire and sent the main army to reinforce Zhang He. Fa Zheng saw an opportunity for attack and signalled to Liu Bei to launch an assault. Liu Bei sent Huang Zhong to attack the weakened enemy from above. Huang Zhong targeted Xiahou Yuan\'s unit and completely routed it. Both Xiahou Yuan and, Cao Cao\'s appointed Inspector of Yi Province, were killed in the battle.Zhang He, who had been informally elected to succeed Xiahou Yuan by and, retreated to the northern bank of the, and awaited Cao Cao\'s reinforcement. Meanwhile, Liu Bei secured all strategic points at the exit of the passes linking Chang\'an and Hanzhong Commandery while Cao Cao was approaching via Xie Valley.

  Liu Bei faced Cao Cao for several months but never engaged the latter in battle, effectively forcing Cao to retreat as his soldiers started to desert. Zhang He also retreated to Chencang County (陳倉縣; east of present-day, ) to set up defences for a potential invasion by Liu Bei. Liu Bei led his main army to Nanzheng County and sent and to capture Fangling (房陵) and Shangyong (上庸) commanderies.In 219, after Liu Bei conquered Hanzhong Commandery, his subjects urged him to declare himself a king too to challenge Cao Cao, who was enfeoffed as a vassal king (\'King of Wei\') by in 216. Liu Bei thus declared himself \'King of Hanzhong\' (漢中王) and set up his headquarters in, the capital of. He designated his son as his heir-apparent. Was put in charge of Hanzhong Commandery.

  And Fa Zheng were respectively appointed as Grand Tutor and Prefect of the Masters of Writing in Liu Bei\'s vassal kingdom, while Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Ma Chao and Huang Zhong were respectively appointed Generals of the Vanguard, Right, Left and Rear.Becoming an emperor. Portrait of Liu Bei in the Thirteen Emperors Scroll (dating from the )In early winter 219, Sun Quan\'s forces led by in and captured and executed Guan Yu. After learning of Guan Yu\'s death and the loss of Jing Province, Liu Bei turned furious and ordered his troops to begin preparing for war with Sun Quan. In early 220, Cao Cao died and was succeeded by his son,.

  Later that year, Cao Pi usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, ended the Eastern Han dynasty and established the state of with himself as the emperor. When Meng Da learnt that Liu Bei was going to launch a campaign against Sun Quan, he became concerned that he would be punished for not sending reinforcements to Guan Yu earlier, so he defected to Wei. At the same time, and others reminded Liu Bei that he should focus his attack on Cao Pi instead of Sun Quan, but Liu Bei rejected their advice. Seeing that Liu Bei did not prepare strong defences against Wei, Meng Da suggested a plan to Cao Pi to attack Fangling, Shangyong and Xicheng commanderies.

  Liu Bei\'s adopted son, fought a desperate battle against the invaders, but he was betrayed by his subordinates and defeated. Upon his return to Chengdu, Liu Bei was furious with Liu Feng\'s loss and his refusal to send reinforcement to Guan Yu in 219.

  Upon Zhuge Liang\'s suggestion, Liu Bei had Liu Feng commit suicide and wept after he died. In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor too and established the state of; he claimed that his intention was to keep the Han dynasty\'s lineage alive. He designated his son Liu Shan as.Defeat and death. Tomb of Liu BeiIn the autumn of 222, Liu Bei personally led an army to attack Sun Quan to avenge Guan Yu and retake his lost territories in, while leaving in charge of state affairs in Chengdu. Even though was murdered by his subordinates during the onset of the battle, Liu Bei was still able to achieve initial victories until, the frontline commander of \'s forces, ordered a retreat to Yiling (present-day, ). Lu Xun held his position there and refused to engage the invaders.By summer, the Shu troops were camped along their invasion route and had grown weary due to the hot weather. Liu Bei then moved his camp into a forest for shade and ordered to lead a portion of his navy to camp just outside the forest.

  Knowing that his enemy was not expecting a sudden strike, Lu Xun ordered a counterattack and set fire to the Shu camps linked to each other by wooden fences. 40 camps of Liu Bei\'s expedition force were destroyed in the fire attack and the remaining troops were defeated and forced to flee west to Ma\'an Hills (northwest of Yiling), where they set up a defence. Lu Xun caught up with and besieged Liu Bei there before his men could recuperate. Liu Bei managed to escape overnight to by ordering his men to discard their armour and set them aflame to form a fire blockade. Lu Xun was unable to overcome the blockade and did not press any further attack.

  Eventually because of \'s invasion of Wu, Lu Xun and Liu Bei renewed their alliance.Liu Bei stayed in Baidicheng until his death in the summer of 223. Mostly all of his longterm closest officials were passed on and he was shamed by his defeat. Liu refused to return to his capital in, ate poorly, drank often and neglected his health, his oncoming death was pronounced. On his deathbed, he named Zhuge Liang and as regents to support Liu Shan and encouraged his sons to live well and do right. His body was brought back to Chengdu and entombed at Huiling (惠陵; southern suburb of present-day Chengdu) four months later. Liu Bei was given the Zhaolie.

  Liu Shan succeeded him as the emperor of Shu Han, while Zhuge Liang later solidified peace with Sun Quan and rebuilt the old Sun–Liu alliance against Cao Pi formally.Family and descendants. Throughout Chinese history, no successful emperor had ruled purely based on Confucianism (though some did purely use Legalism). Numerous studies such as Political Reality of Transforming Legalism by Confucianism in the Western Han Dynasty as Seen from Selection System by Wang Baoding, or by Matthew August LeFande, have pointed out most ancient Chinese dynasties after Qin had ruled by a mix of Legalism and Confucianism. Pingyuan State lay on the border between Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan\'s territories, and was the only commandery/state Yuan Tan controlled before his expansion. Tian Kai assumed the appointment of Inspector of Qing Province under Yuan Shao, and acted as Liu Bei\'s direct supervisor.

  Xu Province (徐州) and Xuchang (許昌) have similar Romanisations in but they refer to separate places. This Liu Dai was not the same person as (Gongshan), an Inspector of Yan Province who died in 192.References. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). P. 478. (身長七尺五寸，垂手下膝，顧自見其耳。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.

  (生得身長七尺五寸，兩耳垂肩，雙手過膝，目能自顧其耳，面如冠玉，唇如塗脂) Sanguo Yanyi ch. A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. P. 478. Crowell, Bill (2006).

  Cite journal requires journal=. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD).

  P. 1075. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). P. 760. ^ de Crespigny, Rafe (2006). Leiden: Brill.

  Retrieved 27 January 2019. History of the Wei says: “Liu Ping engaged a retainer to assassinate Liu Bei. Liu Bei did not realize the retainer’s purpose and received him lavishly. The retainer told Liu Bei the situation and left. “At the time, people were starving and they banded together to commit robbery. Liu Bei externally guarded against bandits and internally he generously carried out economic measures. He would make persons who ranked beneath the elite sit on the same mat and eat from the same pot.

  He felt no cause to be picky, so people attached themselves to him in droves.”. (時先主自有兵千餘人及幽州烏丸雜胡騎，又略得饑民數千人。既到，謙以丹楊兵四千益先主，先主遂去楷歸謙。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. (群说备曰：“袁术尚强，今东，必与之争) Sanguozhi vol. 22.

  (獻帝春秋曰：陳登等遣使詣袁紹曰：「天降災沴，禍臻鄙州，州將殂殞，生民無主，恐懼奸雄一旦承隙，以貽盟主日昃之憂，輒共奉故平原相劉備府君以為宗主，永使百姓知有依歸。方今寇難縱橫，不遑釋甲，謹遣下吏奔告於執事。」紹答曰：「劉玄德弘雅有信義，今徐州樂戴之，誠副所望也。」) Xiandi Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. (英雄記曰：備軍在廣陵，飢餓困踧，吏士大小自相噉食，窮餓侵逼，欲還小沛，遂使吏請降布。布令備還州，並勢擊術。具刺史車馬僮僕，發遣備妻子部曲家屬於泗水上，祖道相樂。) Yingxiong Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. (九州春秋曰：備住荊州數年，嘗於表坐起至廁，見髀裡肉生，慨然流涕。還坐，表怪問備，備曰：「吾常身不離鞍，髀肉皆消。今不復騎，髀裡肉生。日月若馳，老將至矣，而功業不建，是以悲耳。」) Jiuzhou Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol.

  32. (先主北到葭萌，未即討魯，厚樹恩德，以收眾心。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.

  (先主遣人迎超，超將兵徑到城下。城中震怖) Sanguozhi vol. 36. (城中尚有精兵三萬人，谷帛支一年，吏民咸欲死戰。璋言：「父子在州二十餘年，無恩德以加百姓。百姓攻戰三年，肌膏草野者，以璋故也，何心能安！」遂開城出降，群下莫不流涕。) Sanguozhi vol. 31. (及曹公至，先主斂眾拒險，終不交鋒，積月不拔，亡者日多。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. (備因夜遁，驛人自擔燒鐃鎧斷後，僅得入白帝城。) Sanguozhi vol.

  26. Roberts 1991, p.

  Archived from on April 6, 2007. Retrieved August 26, 2005.;. Archived from on April 6, 2007. Retrieved August 26, 2005. (Both sources in Simplified Chinese).

  Archived from on May 3, 2006. Retrieved August 26, 2005. Retrieved October 23, 2015. (3rd century).

  ( Sanguozhi). (1996). To Establish Peace: being the Chronicle of the Later Han dynasty for the years 189 to 220 AD as recorded in Chapters 59 to 69 of the Zizhi tongjian of Sima Guang. Canberra: Faculty of Asian Studies, The Australian National University. Fang, Achilles (1952).

  The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms (220–265). Chapters 69–78 from the Tzu Chih T\'ung Chien of Ssu-ma Kuang. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (14th century). ( Sanguo Yanyi). (5th century). ( Sanguozhi zhu).

  (1084).Wikimedia Commons has media related to.

  Liu Bei went from city to city with no land for his own, relying primarily on his integrity and relation to the throne to gain influence in the cities that he traveled to. Eventually this manor of doing things would attract the most wise and talented of warriors and men, and he would get his own region of land.Sun Quan was good at knowing who was talented and appointed them to key positions despite protests of others. Despite not being the best field general, he appointed the following: Lu Su, Lu Meng, and Lu Xun to defend his lands from numerous attacks by Cao Cao and Liu Bei. He would also outlive the others by many years.

  ...'>Dynasty Tactics 2 Liu Bei(26.03.2020)

• Dynasty Tactics 2. 1,730 likes 1 talking about this. The official fan page of dynasty tactics 2 by Koei. Play as either Liu Bei, Cao Cao, Sun Ce, or Lu Bu and try to unite China during the three. He later joins Liu Bei, but is killed in a fight with Zhang Fei. Cao Cao The Wei ruler. Skilled in art and warfare, he wrote many books on strategy and tactics.

  Contents.Physical appearance The historical text described Liu Bei as a man seven and five tall (approximately 1.81.5 metres), with long arms that extended beyond his knees, and ears so large that he could see them.The 14th-century historical novel gives a similar description about Liu Bei\'s physical appearance, but with additional features. It mentions that Liu Bei is seven chi and five cun tall, with ears so large that they touch his shoulders and that he can even see them, long arms that extend beyond his knees, a fair and handsome face, and lips so red that it seems as though he is wearing. Family background. Further information:According to the 3rd-century historical text, Liu Bei was born in Zhuo County, which is in present-day,. He was a descendant of, a son of, who was the ninth son of and the first King of in Han dynasty. However, \'s 5th-century, based on the Dianlue (典略), said that Liu Bei was a descendant of the Marquis of Linyi (臨邑侯).

  As the title \'Marquis of Linyi\' was held by Liu Fu (劉復; grandson of ) and later by Liu Fu\'s son Liu Taotu (劉騊駼), who were also descendants of Emperor Jing, it was possible that Liu Bei descended from this line rather than Liu Zhen\'s line. Liu Bei\'s grandfather (劉雄) and father Liu Hong (劉弘) both served as clerks in the local commandery office.Early life Liu Bei grew up in a poor family, having lost his father when he was still a child. To support themselves, Liu Bei and his mother sold shoes and straw-woven mats. Even so, Liu Bei was full of ambition from childhood: he once said to his peers, while under a tree that resembled the imperial chariot, that he desired to become an emperor. In 175, his mother sent him to study with, a distinguished man from Zhuo Commandery. One of his fellow-students was, whom Liu Bei admired and treated as an elder brother, and another was his kinsman Liu Deran (劉德然). Liu Deran\'s father, Yuanqi 元起, frequently gave Liu Bei material support and treated him the same as Liu Deran.

  Yuanqi\'s wife said, “Each has his own family. How can you regularly do this?” Yuanqi replied, “This boy is in our clan, and he is an extraordinary person.”. The adolescent Liu Bei was said to be unenthusiastic in studying and displayed interest in hunting, music and dressing.He enjoyed associating with braves (haoxia), and in his youth he fought and hung out with them. Concise in speech, calm in demeanour, and kind to his friends, Liu Bei was well liked by his contemporaries Yellow Turban Rebellion In 184, at the outbreak of the, Liu Bei became much more politically aware and called for the assembly of a militia to help government forces suppress the rebellion.

  

  Liu Bei received financial contributions from two wealthy horse merchants, Zhang Shiping (張世平) and Su Shuang (蘇雙), and rallied a group of loyal followers, including, and.Liu Bei led his militia to join the local government forces led by Colonel and participated in battles against the rebels. In recognition of his contributions, the Han central government appointed Liu Bei as the Prefect (令) of Anxi County (安喜縣; northwest of present-day, ), one of the counties in (中山郡). Later, the Han central government decreed that any official who had gained the post as a reward for military contributions was to be dismissed and Liu Bei resigned the post after attacking the inspector who had attempted to formally dismiss him.

  He then travelled south with his followers to join another militia in fighting the Yellow Turbans remnants in (present-day northern ). As a reward for his contributions, the Han central government appointed him as the Prefect (令) and Commandant (都尉) of Gaotang County (高唐縣; east of present-day, ).Warlord state In Gongsun Zan\'s service (189–194). A mural showing, from the Dahuting Tomb of the late (25-220 CE), located in,By 199, Cao Cao enjoyed a strong political advantage over his rivals because he had and the Han central government firmly under his control. During this time, Liu Bei participated in a conspiracy with and others to assassinate Cao Cao, after Dong Cheng alleged that he had received a secret edict from Emperor Xian to kill Cao Cao.

  However, at the same time, Liu Bei was anxious to leave Xuchang and be free of Cao Cao\'s control. Thus, upon hearing news that was on his way to join after, Liu Bei requested permission from Cao Cao to lead an army to stop Yuan Shu. Cao Cao agreed and sent Liu Bei and to lead an army to block Yuan Shu, who retreated back to his base in Shouchun (present-day, ) and died there later that year. While Zhu Ling returned to Xu, Liu Bei remained in command of the army and led them to attack and seize control of after murdering Che Zhou (車冑), the provincial governor appointed by Cao Cao.

  Liu Bei then moved to Xiaopei (小沛; present-day, ) while leaving in charge of Xu Province\'s capital, Xiapi Commandery (下邳郡; around present-day, Jiangsu).In the meantime, Yuan Shao had defeated and was preparing to attack Cao Cao in the region. Liu Bei then sent his adviser to meet Yuan Shao and request that he launch an immediate attack on Cao Cao, but Yuan Shao refused. In 200, Cao Cao discovered Dong Cheng\'s conspiracy and had all the participants rounded up and executed along with their families.

  Liu Bei survived the purge because he was not in Xuchang.Having achieved stability in Xuchang, Cao Cao turned his attention towards preparing for a battle with Yuan Shao. He fortified many key crossing points along the south banks of the and set up a main camp at Guandu. At the same time, he sent his subordinates Liu Dai (劉岱) and to attack Liu Bei in Xu Province but they were defeated.

  Cao Cao then made a highly risky move: He predicted that Yuan Shao would not make any advances so he secretly left his defensive position along the Yellow River and personally led an army to Xu Province to attack Liu Bei. Under the weight of Cao Cao\'s attacks, Liu Bei\'s forces quickly disintegrated and Xu Province fell to Cao Cao. Protected Liu Bei as he fled from Xiaopei after his defeat; Guan Yu, isolated in Xiapi Commandery, was captured by Cao Cao\'s forces and decided to surrender and temporarily serve under Cao Cao. Liu Bei headed north to join Yuan Shao, who welcomed him. He participated in the alongside Yuan Shao\'s general against Cao Cao\'s forces, but they suffered a defeat and Wen Chou was killed in battle.As, a former Yellow Turban rebel, started a revolt in (汝南郡; around present-day ), Liu Bei convinced Yuan Shao to \'lend\' him troops to assist Liu Pi.

  Liu Bei and Liu Pi then led their forces from Runan Commandery to attack Xuchang while Cao Cao was away at Guandu, but they were defeated and driven back. Liu Bei then returned to Yuan Shao and urged him to ally with, the Governor of (covering present-day and ).

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  Yuan Shao then sent him with some troops to Runan Commandery to assist another rebel leader, Gong Du (共都/龔都). Liu Bei and Gong Du defeated and killed Cai Yang (蔡陽), one of Cao Cao\'s officers who led troops to attack them.Taking refuge under Liu Biao (201–208) In 201, Cao Cao led his army to attack Liu Bei in Runan Commandery after his victory over Yuan Shao at the.

  After his defeat, Liu Bei fled to to take shelter under. Although Liu Biao treated Liu Bei like an honoured guest, he never trusted Liu Bei as he only allowed Liu Bei to station at in northern Jing Province to guard against Cao Cao\'s advances.Liu Bei stayed in Jing Province for about seven years. When he started weeping during a meeting with Liu Biao, the latter asked why, to which Liu Bei answered, \'In earlier times, I\'ve never left the saddle. My thighs were thin. Now I do not ride anymore, they are fat and flabby. The days and months pass like a stream, and old age will come, but I have achieved nothing. That\'s why I am sad.

  In 202, Cao Cao sent and to attack Liu Bei. Liu Bei ambushed and defeated them at the.In 207, Cao Cao planned to conquer the in the north, but was apprehensive that Liu Biao might attack his base but he was assured by that Liu Biao would not do so for fear of Liu Bei being more powerful than he was. Cao Cao agreed and Guo Jia\'s point was proven later, when Liu Biao refused to attack Xu when Liu Bei advised him to do so. The painting Kongming Leaving the Mountains (detail, Ming dynasty), depicting (left, on a horse) leaving his rustic retreat to enter into the service of Liu Bei (right, on a horse)Away from the battlefields in the east and under Liu Biao\'s efficient rule, Jing Province was prosperous and a popular destination for literati fleeing from the destruction of war. Liu Bei asked, a revered recluse, about scholars.

  Sima Hui\'s friend Pan Degong named and as exceptional talents who could comprehend important events of their time well. Also urged Liu Bei to call on Zhuge Liang. Liu Bei went to see Zhuge Liang and finally had an audience with him after three visits. Zhuge Liang presented Liu Bei with his, a general long-term plan outlining the takeover of and to set up a two-pronged final strike at the imperial capital.Liu Biao died in 208 and his younger son succeeded him and surrendered to Cao Cao without informing Liu Bei. By the time Liu Bei heard news of Liu Cong\'s surrender, Cao Cao\'s army had already reached Wan (宛; in present-day ). Liu Bei led his troops away and abandoned, leading civilians and his followers (including some of Liu Biao\'s former followers) on an exodus to the south. By the time they reached Dangyang (當陽; south of present-day, Hubei), his followers numbered more than 100,000 and they moved only 10 a day.

  Liu Bei sent ahead to wait for him in Jiangling County (江陵縣; in present-day, Hubei), where abundant supplies and arsenal were stored, with Jing Province\'s fleet.Afraid that Liu Bei might reach Jiangling County before him, Cao Cao led his cavalry on pursuit. In a day and a night, Cao Cao caught up with Liu and captured most of his people and baggage at the. Leaving his family behind, Liu Bei fled with only scores of followers. With Guan Yu\'s fleet, they crossed the to Jiangxia Commandery and the to, where they took shelter under, Liu Biao\'s elder son. Liu Qi objected to his brother\'s surrender to Cao Cao and was able to maintain Jiangxia Commandery and Xiakou allowing more of his father\'s former subordinates to escape from Cao Cao.Alliance with Sun Quan Battles of Red Cliffs and Jiangling. Main articles: andWhen Liu Bei was still at Dangyang, hinted to him that he should ally with the warlord against Cao Cao., as Liu Bei\'s representative, followed Lu Su to meet Sun Quan at Chaisang County (柴桑縣; southwest of present-day, ), where they discussed the formation of a Sun–Liu alliance against Cao Cao.Liu Bei and Sun Quan formed their first alliance against the southward expansion of Cao Cao.

  Both sides clashed at the, which concluded with a decisive victory for the Sun–Liu side. Cao Cao retreated north after his defeat and left behind and to guard Jiangling County and to defend.Sun Quan\'s forces, led by, attacked Cao Ren after their resounding victory to wrestle for control of Jiangling County. Liu Bei recommended Liu Qi to be the new Inspector of and led his men to capture the four commanderies in southern Jing Province – Changsha (長沙), Lingling (零陵), Guiyang (桂陽) and Wuling (武陵). Liu Bei set up his base at and continued to strengthen his forces. When Liu Qi died in 209 shortly after Liu Bei secured his position in southern Jing Province, Liu Bei succeeded Liu Qi as the new Inspector of Jing Province. To further strengthen the Sun–Liu alliance, Liu Bei travelled to Sun Quan\'s territory to marry Sun Quan\'s younger sister,.

  After the political marriage, Sun Quan not only recognised the legitimacy of Liu Bei\'s control over southern Jing Province, but also agreed to \'lend\' Nan Commandery (南郡; around present-day, ) to him.Subsequently, former subordinates of Liu Biao who were unwilling to serve Cao Cao came to join Liu Bei. After the death of Zhou Yu in 210 and Liu Bei\'s growing influence in southern Jing Province, Sun Quan\'s position in the north became more untenable. Succeeded Zhou Yu as the frontline commander of Sun Quan\'s armies and moved the headquarters to Lukou (陸口), yielding all commanderies of Jing Province (except Jiangxia Commandery) and access to to Liu Bei. Main article:In 211, the Governor of (covering present-day and ), heard that Cao Cao planned to attack the warlord in. As Hanzhong Commandery was a strategic location and the northern \'gateway\' into Yi Province, Liu Zhang sent to form an alliance with Liu Bei after listening to advice from.

  Zhang Song and Fa Zheng privately disapproved of Liu Zhang\'s governance and looked at Liu Bei as a solution for a legitimate successor. Liu Zhang invited Liu Bei to join him in Yi Province to capture Hanzhong Commandery before Cao Cao did.Liu Bei led an expedition force into Yi Province after leaving behind, and to guard. Liu Zhang welcomed Liu Bei and provided him with more troops under his command. Liu Bei headed to Jiameng Pass (southwest of present-day, Sichuan) at the border between Liu Zhang and Zhang Lu\'s territories. Instead of engaging Zhang Lu, Liu Bei halted his advance and focused on building connections and gaining influence around the area.In 212, Fa Zheng, Zhang Song and set into motion their plan to overthrow Liu Zhang and let Liu Bei replace him. On Liu Bei\'s side, outlined three plans for him to choose from.

  The first was to advance swiftly to seize, Yi Province\'s capital, from Liu Zhang with a special task force. The second was to take command of Liu Zhang\'s armies in the north and then move to capture Chengdu. The third one was to return to to await further action.

  

  Liu Bei chose the second option. Liu Bei requested to Liu Zhang that he needed more troops to divert Cao Cao\'s attention away from the east (where Sun Quan was under attack), and requested that another 10,000 soldiers and additional provisions aid in the defence of Jing Province.

  Liu Zhang gave him only 4,000 troops and half of the other supplies he requested.Zhang Su, Zhang Song\'s brother, discovered his brother\'s secret communications with Liu Bei and reported the issue to Liu Zhang. Liu Zhang was furious and stunned when he heard that Zhang Song had been helping Liu Bei to take over Yi Province from him – he executed Zhang Song and ordered his officers guarding the passes to Chengdu to keep secret his knowledge that Liu Bei wanted to attack him. Nevertheless, Liu Bei still found out from the spies he planted around Liu Zhang. Fa Zheng and Meng Da defected to Liu Bei\'s side before Yang Huai (楊懷) and Gao Pei (高沛), Liu Zhang\'s subordinates guarding Boshui Pass, knew about Liu Bei\'s true motive. Liu Bei lured Yang Huai and Gao Pei into a trap and executed them for behaving disrespectfully towards him. He then took command of Yang Huai\'s and Gao Pei\'s troops, numbering under 5,000, and turned to attack Fu County (涪縣; present-day, ).In the spring of 213, Liu Zhang sent Liu Gui, Ling Bao, Deng Xian, and other officers to defend.

  All were soundly killed or captured by Liu Bei\'s forces. Despite being the most trusted vassal of Liu Zhang, Wu Yi soon changed allegiance, so and Fei Guan were sent to replace him, but they surrendered to Liu Bei as well. Now the remnant force was under command of Liu Zhang\'s son, Liu Xun, and he retreated to Luo County (northwest of, Sichuan).

  There, Pang Tong was killed by a stray arrow, and the siege became a prolonged one, forcing Liu Bei to call for reinforcements from Jing Province.In 214, after Luo County fell to Liu Bei, Liu Zhang continued to hold up inside Chengdu., a former warlord and vassal under Zhang Lu, defected to Liu Bei\'s side and joined him in attacking Chengdu. Although Chengdu\'s citizens were terrified by Ma Chao\'s army, they insisted on putting up a desperate fight against the enemy. However, Liu Zhang surrendered to Liu Bei after stating that he did not wish to see further bloodshed. Liu Bei then succeeded Liu Zhang as the Governor of Yi Province and relocated him to in Jing Province.Liu Bei married and went on numerous public tours to consolidate his control on the newly conquered Yi Province. He promoted to an office that granted him control over all affairs of state and appointed as Zhuge Liang\'s deputy.

  The rest of Liu Bei\'s followers, new and old, were entrusted with new responsibilities and promoted to new ranks.Sun–Liu territorial dispute. Main article:After Liu Bei\'s conquest of, sent as an emissary to demand the return of the commanderies in southern, but Liu Bei refused. Sun Quan then sent and to lead 20,000 men to attack southern Jing Province and they succeeded in capturing Changsha, Guiyang and Lingling commanderies. In the meantime, Lu Su and advanced to with 10,000 men to block ) and took over command of the army at Lukou (陸口). Liu Bei personally went to while Guan Yu led 30,000 men to Yiyang County. When war was about to break out, Liu Bei received news that Cao Cao was planning to attack, and he requested for a border treaty with Sun Quan as he became worried about Cao Cao seizing Hanzhong Commandery. Liu Bei asked Sun Quan to give him back Lingling Commandery and create a diversion for Cao Cao by attacking Hefei; in return, Liu Bei ceded Changsha and Guiyang commanderies to Sun Quan, setting the new border along the.Hanzhong Campaign.

  Main article:In 215, Cao Cao defeated at the and seized Hanzhong Commandery. And advised him to take advantage of the victory to attack, since it was still unstable under Liu Bei\'s new government and Liu himself was away in. Cao Cao, who was not fond of the terrain of the region, refused and left, and to defend Hanzhong Commandery.In anticipation of a prolonged war, Zhang He led his army to Dangqu County (宕渠郡; around present-day, ) in order to relocate the population of Ba Commandery (巴郡; present-day ) to Hanzhong Commandery. Meanwhile, Liu Bei appointed as the Administrator of Baxi Commandery (巴西郡) and ordered him to take over the region.

  Zhang Fei and Zhang He faced each other for 50 days, which concluded with a victory for the former following a surprise attack on the latter. Narrowly escaping, Zhang He retreated to on foot, and the Ba region became part of Liu Bei\'s territory. Liu Bei declares himself king, portrait at the of the, BeijingIn 217, pointed out the strategic necessities of seizing Hanzhong Commandery and advised Liu Bei to drive Cao Cao\'s force out of the area. Liu Bei sent Zhang Fei, and others to capture Wudu Commandery (武都郡), while he assembled an army and advanced to Yangping Pass. Zhang Fei was forced to retreat after his aides Wu Lan (吳蘭) and Lei Tong (雷銅) were defeated and killed by Cao Cao\'s forces.

  Liu Bei, engaging Xiahou Yuan at Yangping Pass, tried to cut the enemy\'s supply route by sending his general to Mamingge (馬鳴閣), but was routed by Xiahou Yuan\'s subordinate, Xu Huang. Liu Bei then pressed on Zhang He at Guangshi (廣石) but failed to achieve any success; at the same time, Xiahou Yuan and Zhang He were not able to hinder Liu Bei from mobilising forces around the area. The war turned into a stalemate, and Cao Cao decided to gather an army in to fight Liu Bei.In the spring of 218, Liu Bei and Xiahou Yuan had faced each other for over a year. Liu Bei led the main army to the south of the Mian River (沔水) and ordered to set up camps on, where Xiahou Yuan\'s encampment in the valley below could be easily monitored.

  One night, Liu Bei sent 10,000 troops to attack Zhang He in Guangshi and set fire to Xiahou Yuan\'s barricades. Xiahou Yuan then led a small detachment to put out the fire and sent the main army to reinforce Zhang He. Fa Zheng saw an opportunity for attack and signalled to Liu Bei to launch an assault. Liu Bei sent Huang Zhong to attack the weakened enemy from above. Huang Zhong targeted Xiahou Yuan\'s unit and completely routed it. Both Xiahou Yuan and, Cao Cao\'s appointed Inspector of Yi Province, were killed in the battle.Zhang He, who had been informally elected to succeed Xiahou Yuan by and, retreated to the northern bank of the, and awaited Cao Cao\'s reinforcement. Meanwhile, Liu Bei secured all strategic points at the exit of the passes linking Chang\'an and Hanzhong Commandery while Cao Cao was approaching via Xie Valley.

  Liu Bei faced Cao Cao for several months but never engaged the latter in battle, effectively forcing Cao to retreat as his soldiers started to desert. Zhang He also retreated to Chencang County (陳倉縣; east of present-day, ) to set up defences for a potential invasion by Liu Bei. Liu Bei led his main army to Nanzheng County and sent and to capture Fangling (房陵) and Shangyong (上庸) commanderies.In 219, after Liu Bei conquered Hanzhong Commandery, his subjects urged him to declare himself a king too to challenge Cao Cao, who was enfeoffed as a vassal king (\'King of Wei\') by in 216. Liu Bei thus declared himself \'King of Hanzhong\' (漢中王) and set up his headquarters in, the capital of. He designated his son as his heir-apparent. Was put in charge of Hanzhong Commandery.

  And Fa Zheng were respectively appointed as Grand Tutor and Prefect of the Masters of Writing in Liu Bei\'s vassal kingdom, while Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Ma Chao and Huang Zhong were respectively appointed Generals of the Vanguard, Right, Left and Rear.Becoming an emperor. Portrait of Liu Bei in the Thirteen Emperors Scroll (dating from the )In early winter 219, Sun Quan\'s forces led by in and captured and executed Guan Yu. After learning of Guan Yu\'s death and the loss of Jing Province, Liu Bei turned furious and ordered his troops to begin preparing for war with Sun Quan. In early 220, Cao Cao died and was succeeded by his son,.

  Later that year, Cao Pi usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, ended the Eastern Han dynasty and established the state of with himself as the emperor. When Meng Da learnt that Liu Bei was going to launch a campaign against Sun Quan, he became concerned that he would be punished for not sending reinforcements to Guan Yu earlier, so he defected to Wei. At the same time, and others reminded Liu Bei that he should focus his attack on Cao Pi instead of Sun Quan, but Liu Bei rejected their advice. Seeing that Liu Bei did not prepare strong defences against Wei, Meng Da suggested a plan to Cao Pi to attack Fangling, Shangyong and Xicheng commanderies.

  Liu Bei\'s adopted son, fought a desperate battle against the invaders, but he was betrayed by his subordinates and defeated. Upon his return to Chengdu, Liu Bei was furious with Liu Feng\'s loss and his refusal to send reinforcement to Guan Yu in 219.

  Upon Zhuge Liang\'s suggestion, Liu Bei had Liu Feng commit suicide and wept after he died. In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor too and established the state of; he claimed that his intention was to keep the Han dynasty\'s lineage alive. He designated his son Liu Shan as.Defeat and death. Tomb of Liu BeiIn the autumn of 222, Liu Bei personally led an army to attack Sun Quan to avenge Guan Yu and retake his lost territories in, while leaving in charge of state affairs in Chengdu. Even though was murdered by his subordinates during the onset of the battle, Liu Bei was still able to achieve initial victories until, the frontline commander of \'s forces, ordered a retreat to Yiling (present-day, ). Lu Xun held his position there and refused to engage the invaders.By summer, the Shu troops were camped along their invasion route and had grown weary due to the hot weather. Liu Bei then moved his camp into a forest for shade and ordered to lead a portion of his navy to camp just outside the forest.

  Knowing that his enemy was not expecting a sudden strike, Lu Xun ordered a counterattack and set fire to the Shu camps linked to each other by wooden fences. 40 camps of Liu Bei\'s expedition force were destroyed in the fire attack and the remaining troops were defeated and forced to flee west to Ma\'an Hills (northwest of Yiling), where they set up a defence. Lu Xun caught up with and besieged Liu Bei there before his men could recuperate. Liu Bei managed to escape overnight to by ordering his men to discard their armour and set them aflame to form a fire blockade. Lu Xun was unable to overcome the blockade and did not press any further attack.

  Eventually because of \'s invasion of Wu, Lu Xun and Liu Bei renewed their alliance.Liu Bei stayed in Baidicheng until his death in the summer of 223. Mostly all of his longterm closest officials were passed on and he was shamed by his defeat. Liu refused to return to his capital in, ate poorly, drank often and neglected his health, his oncoming death was pronounced. On his deathbed, he named Zhuge Liang and as regents to support Liu Shan and encouraged his sons to live well and do right. His body was brought back to Chengdu and entombed at Huiling (惠陵; southern suburb of present-day Chengdu) four months later. Liu Bei was given the Zhaolie.

  Liu Shan succeeded him as the emperor of Shu Han, while Zhuge Liang later solidified peace with Sun Quan and rebuilt the old Sun–Liu alliance against Cao Pi formally.Family and descendants. Throughout Chinese history, no successful emperor had ruled purely based on Confucianism (though some did purely use Legalism). Numerous studies such as Political Reality of Transforming Legalism by Confucianism in the Western Han Dynasty as Seen from Selection System by Wang Baoding, or by Matthew August LeFande, have pointed out most ancient Chinese dynasties after Qin had ruled by a mix of Legalism and Confucianism. Pingyuan State lay on the border between Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan\'s territories, and was the only commandery/state Yuan Tan controlled before his expansion. Tian Kai assumed the appointment of Inspector of Qing Province under Yuan Shao, and acted as Liu Bei\'s direct supervisor.

  Xu Province (徐州) and Xuchang (許昌) have similar Romanisations in but they refer to separate places. This Liu Dai was not the same person as (Gongshan), an Inspector of Yan Province who died in 192.References. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). P. 478. (身長七尺五寸，垂手下膝，顧自見其耳。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.

  (生得身長七尺五寸，兩耳垂肩，雙手過膝，目能自顧其耳，面如冠玉，唇如塗脂) Sanguo Yanyi ch. A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. P. 478. Crowell, Bill (2006).

  Cite journal requires journal=. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD).

  P. 1075. de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). P. 760. ^ de Crespigny, Rafe (2006). Leiden: Brill.

  Retrieved 27 January 2019. History of the Wei says: “Liu Ping engaged a retainer to assassinate Liu Bei. Liu Bei did not realize the retainer’s purpose and received him lavishly. The retainer told Liu Bei the situation and left. “At the time, people were starving and they banded together to commit robbery. Liu Bei externally guarded against bandits and internally he generously carried out economic measures. He would make persons who ranked beneath the elite sit on the same mat and eat from the same pot.

  He felt no cause to be picky, so people attached themselves to him in droves.”. (時先主自有兵千餘人及幽州烏丸雜胡騎，又略得饑民數千人。既到，謙以丹楊兵四千益先主，先主遂去楷歸謙。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. (群说备曰：“袁术尚强，今东，必与之争) Sanguozhi vol. 22.

  (獻帝春秋曰：陳登等遣使詣袁紹曰：「天降災沴，禍臻鄙州，州將殂殞，生民無主，恐懼奸雄一旦承隙，以貽盟主日昃之憂，輒共奉故平原相劉備府君以為宗主，永使百姓知有依歸。方今寇難縱橫，不遑釋甲，謹遣下吏奔告於執事。」紹答曰：「劉玄德弘雅有信義，今徐州樂戴之，誠副所望也。」) Xiandi Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. (英雄記曰：備軍在廣陵，飢餓困踧，吏士大小自相噉食，窮餓侵逼，欲還小沛，遂使吏請降布。布令備還州，並勢擊術。具刺史車馬僮僕，發遣備妻子部曲家屬於泗水上，祖道相樂。) Yingxiong Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. (九州春秋曰：備住荊州數年，嘗於表坐起至廁，見髀裡肉生，慨然流涕。還坐，表怪問備，備曰：「吾常身不離鞍，髀肉皆消。今不復騎，髀裡肉生。日月若馳，老將至矣，而功業不建，是以悲耳。」) Jiuzhou Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol.

  32. (先主北到葭萌，未即討魯，厚樹恩德，以收眾心。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.

  (先主遣人迎超，超將兵徑到城下。城中震怖) Sanguozhi vol. 36. (城中尚有精兵三萬人，谷帛支一年，吏民咸欲死戰。璋言：「父子在州二十餘年，無恩德以加百姓。百姓攻戰三年，肌膏草野者，以璋故也，何心能安！」遂開城出降，群下莫不流涕。) Sanguozhi vol. 31. (及曹公至，先主斂眾拒險，終不交鋒，積月不拔，亡者日多。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. (備因夜遁，驛人自擔燒鐃鎧斷後，僅得入白帝城。) Sanguozhi vol.

  26. Roberts 1991, p.

  Archived from on April 6, 2007. Retrieved August 26, 2005.;. Archived from on April 6, 2007. Retrieved August 26, 2005. (Both sources in Simplified Chinese).

  Archived from on May 3, 2006. Retrieved August 26, 2005. Retrieved October 23, 2015. (3rd century).

  ( Sanguozhi). (1996). To Establish Peace: being the Chronicle of the Later Han dynasty for the years 189 to 220 AD as recorded in Chapters 59 to 69 of the Zizhi tongjian of Sima Guang. Canberra: Faculty of Asian Studies, The Australian National University. Fang, Achilles (1952).

  The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms (220–265). Chapters 69–78 from the Tzu Chih T\'ung Chien of Ssu-ma Kuang. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (14th century). ( Sanguo Yanyi). (5th century). ( Sanguozhi zhu).

  (1084).Wikimedia Commons has media related to.

  Liu Bei went from city to city with no land for his own, relying primarily on his integrity and relation to the throne to gain influence in the cities that he traveled to. Eventually this manor of doing things would attract the most wise and talented of warriors and men, and he would get his own region of land.Sun Quan was good at knowing who was talented and appointed them to key positions despite protests of others. Despite not being the best field general, he appointed the following: Lu Su, Lu Meng, and Lu Xun to defend his lands from numerous attacks by Cao Cao and Liu Bei. He would also outlive the others by many years.

  ...'>Dynasty Tactics 2 Liu Bei(26.03.2020)